Hiv Ethical Dilemma Essay

Hypothetical HIV case The case related to a diagnosed HIV client who sees a psychologist for psycho-education and psychological support following the diagnosis of his condition. In discussing it becomes apparent that the client is reluctant in telling his partner or practicing protective sex. The client is angry and indicated that he even considers deliberately infecting other potential partners. Dilemma 1) Reluctance to advise partner The organisation reasonably believes that the use or disclosure is necessary to lessen or prevent: (i) a serious and imminent threat to an individual’s life, health or safety; or (ii) a serious threat to public health or public safety; or (f) the organisation has reason to suspect that unlawful activity has been, is being or may be engaged in, and uses or discloses the personal information as a necessary part of its investigation of the matter or in reporting its concerns to relevant persons or authorities; or ACTION Taken: All six points including reporting client to Police for taking further action

A Household’s Decision on Child Labor

Respitory systek This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for c hildren in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence leve l of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘del ays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluat ion and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educationa l investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of b irth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women. A Household’s Decision on Child Labor This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the fa mily farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schoolin g. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommend ations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.This dissertation seeks to understand the mechanism of a household's decision on child labor and educational investment by proposing a theoretical framework, examining the empirical evidence, and providing policy evaluation and recommendations. In the theoretical framework, it addresses the factors related to the educational investment and child labor such as living below the subsistence level of consumption (poverty), the opportunity cost of education (the child's wage), and the return to education.The first chapter focuses on the household's educational investment decision over the life cycle and addresses the effect of birth order on the educational attainment and child labor supply under binding budget and credit constraints. The empirical evidence from Tanzania suggests there are ‘delays' in schooling for the latter-born children and ‘school dropout' for the earlier-born children. In the second chapter, it empirically estimates the labor supply for children in the family farm in Tanzania.The supply curve is downward sloping, suggesting that poverty is the main cause of child labor. The third chapter focuses on the evaluation of specific policies designed to encourage the educational investment for girls — the reduction of tuition and the provision of a stipend in Bangladesh. This program is intended to promote the female education by lowering the cost of schooling. It evaluates the long-term effect of the program by estimating the effect on completed years of schooling, age of marriage, and labor force participation of married women.

Basketball Needs To Be Fixed Essay Research

Basketball Needs To Be Fixed Essay, Research PaperBasketball Needs to Be FixedProfessional and college hoops have become really popular in the Black Marias and heads of many Americans. Millions of dollars a twelvemonth are spent on dress, tickets, and telecasting all generated by people # 8217 ; s love for hoops. But in the last twosome of old ages, both the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and college hoops have lost a significant sum of their competition and hold caught much criticizim for it. At the bosom of this job is a individual cause, greed. The game of hoops has become all about money alternatively of the game and its fans. This job needs to be addressed, and the best topographic point to get down is with the college participants, or more specifically, the NBA bill of exchange. The regulations and guidelines that pertain to the bill of exchange are greatly at mistake for the down slide of both college and NBA hoops and they need to be changed before the game down sli des into nil.The alterations that need to be made are simple, lowerclassmans should non be eligible for the NBA bill of exchange ; or in other words, if you have old ages of eligibility left, you should non be eligible to be drafted by an NBA squad. What jobs would this work out? The replyis most jobs in basketball today.First, college hoops has paid greatly by losing its most gifted participants to the NBA every bit many as three old ages early. This has resulted in non merely an overall decrease of the game, but in certain fortunes caused the ruin of one time great hoops plans. This is how it happens, colleges recruit participants based on what their demands are or what they will necessitate shortly in the hereafter. So let us state that one school has a great nucleus of sophomore and junior participants for an approaching season. The managers do non hold the demand or the room for many new top notch participants. So all of the top recruits find other schools to travel to. Then, a llow us state that the great nucleus of participants foliages for the NBA, go forthing the squad with mediocre participants and a atrocious season to look frontward to. By the following recruiting period comes about, the school # 8217 ; s repute has been hurt, and so has their opportunities of set downing the top recruits. This continues until the school # 8217 ; s one time proud hoops tradition is a thing of the yesteryear. This state of affairs is non merely conjectural, schools like UNLV, Georgetown, Seton Hall, and Houston have all gone through this procedure and now find themselves at the underside of the barrel.It is non merely the universities that early entry to the NBA injuries, the conference in general takes a immense blow. College hoops markets their squads after their best participants, when those participants decide to travel pro early, the publicity of college hoops is hurt ; along with the overall endowment degree of the conference is lowered drastically. Games bec omeless interesting because the participants are non as talented. This in bend hurts the telecasting webs because people do non like watching games in which they do non cognize who the participants are. And so, that in bend hurts the conference and the schools once more because the webs will non pay every bit much to telecast the games as they one time did.The schools and the conference are non the lone 1s hurt, by go forthing school early trusting to do the large vaulting horses the participants hurt themselves. In the universe that we live in today, if you do non hold a college grade, chances are limited. Look at the statistics, 60 participants are drafted each twelvemonth, and there are merely 360 roster musca volitanss in the full NBA. The opportunities that each participant drafted will do the squad is about an impossibleness. Some people go back to school and seek to complete their grades, but most do non because one time you give up your eligibility, you c annot acquire it back, with agencies most of them can non afford to travel back to school. This leaves a batch of people out of work and with no grade. By maintaining the college participants in school, most will accomplish their grade by the clip that they are ready for the NBA. The donee of the lowerclassmans being allow to go forth early would be the NBA right? It seems that manner, but that is non truly the instance. The job with outlining lowerclassmans is that they are non wholly matured yet, they have non yet received all of the accomplishments that they would necessitate to do the immediate impact that their squads expect them to do. These accomplishments include leading, duty, and adulthood ; these are the thingthat college is supposed to learn them, but by go forthing early they are non given all of the things that they need to be a success.Many of the new participants in the conference develop attitudes of bumptiousness or certitude because of their bill of exchange place or because of the 1000000s of dollars that they are being paid. Suspensions and mulcts for misconduct are at an all-time high in the NBA now and the biggest ground for it is the immature participants who have non been taught the regard and behavior that they need. This gives the N BA a bad name and is get downing to upset a batch of the veteran participants who have made the NBA what it is today.Another thing that the bill of exchange does is that it makes edifice or reconstructing a squad a entire gaming game. Beting 1000000s of dollars on a participant in their early mid-twentiess that squads have no thought if they will be any good, many squads are frequently incorrect and are stuck with a multimillion dollar investing that went rancid. This makes squads take old ages to develop their immature participants, and in the interim their record and fan attending and support go down the tubing. This besides hurts the Television webs because no 1 wants to see second-rate professional squads play, and so that turns about and hurts the squads and the conference because the webs pay less for telecasting rights.Money, is evidently the ground why lowerclassmans leave for the NBA early. If you were 22 old ages old, and person would pay you 90 million dollars to play a g ame that you love, would you drop out of college? The job with this is therising prices of participants wages. When participants are drafted immature, they demand to be paid what they want ; squads pay them 1000000s right out of college. This makes the seasoned participants covetous, and they ask for more money. Then when the following twelvemonth comes about, the form repeats itself, and it # 8217 ; s another downward spiral. That is how participants # 8217 ; wages have rose to absurd bounds. No 1 noticed the job while it was go oning, but now that it is a job there is no existent manner to repair it. In 1996, a cub salary cap was put into consequence by the NBA to set a bound on get downing wages, so some steps are being taken. This is a start, but it is non the reply to the job. If lowerclassmans were non allowed to come out early, high cub wages would non hold to be every bit high, and the participants would likely be more accepting of less money than most cubs are acquiring n ow, and this would assist work out the all-round money job in the NBA.Both the NBA and college hoops seem to be in a rut. And as stated before, they ground is the underclassmen go forthing school early to do money in the NBA. So what # 8217 ; s the solution? Easy, do non allow the college participants enter the NBA bill of exchange early. It would profit everyone in the hereafter. Of class there would be a transitional period, but the losingss would be short and the effects of the alteration would be apparent really rapidly. Let the game be played the manner it was meant to be played, for the competition and non for the money.

New KFC International Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

New KFC International Structure - Essay Example There are numerous sections in the organization that management may be required such as in the Human Resource department, sales and marketing, research and the financial department. Just as with other organizations, there are major considerations for the successful operations of the organization. In this case, I intend to concentrate on increasing the sales of the firm, improving the customer and staff relations as well as minimizing conflict within the running of the firm (Stacks, 2010, p. 128). In increase, the sales there are a number of aspects that I should look into. Firstly, I have to assess the current market needs, against what KFC offers. The aim of the management in this stage is to create a competitive edge. As management, to increase the sales we have to have a proper marketing and advertising strategy, serve the customers and popularize our products. A SWOT analysis is important at this stage to ensure that all the needs of the business are met. The strengths that KFC has to include reputation, a wide point of sales, and an elaborate distribution system and community acceptance. The weaknesses that the management is to work on include a growing number of competitors, ever increasing costs of products and operational costs (Day and Antonakis, 2012, p. 123), dwindling revenue and an overwhelming pressure against the fried foods that compose a large portion of our menu. The opportunities that are presented to KFC include indulgence of organic and healthy foods, cor poration with other firms in other fields such as airlines and sporting organizers. The major threats to the company are the upcoming restaurant businesses and the tendency of customers avoiding the fast foods. In advertising, the best option to take on currently is the IT geared advertisements. The bulk that is KFC’s target is the youth and the middle-aged persons.  

Social Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Social Policy - Essay Example Specifically, it was understood that preventive measures could improve the health of the populace. In addition, the Health for all campaign launched by the World Health Organization in the year 1981, had a deep influence on the thinking of European countries (Birt, Gunning-Schepers, Hayes, & Joyce, 1997: 262). This was reflected in their public health policies. The National Health Service served to provide a uniform and integrated system of medical care to the denizens of the UK. Prior to the formation of this organisation, the health care system had been provided by the combined efforts of divers entities. Some of these providers of health care were voluntary and commercial organisations (Baggott, 1994: 76). Moreover, the health care system entails considerable expenditure, and this was satisfied to some extent by the philanthropic organisations and the insurance companies. A major role was enacted, in this commendable effort, by the voluntary organisations, which were actively engaged in making community health services available. These organisations worked in tandem with the local authorities, especially in the areas of maternity, child welfare, aftercare, nursing at the district level, and mental and physical impairment (Baggott, 1994: 76). The economic and societal security of the nation relates to the degree to which individuals or groups are provided with access to, permitted to utilise and the successful results obtained, with respect to a wide range of resources. Some of these resources could connote healthcare, employment, education, housing and finance. These factors have a major bearing on the inequities that exist in healthcare (Ward, Redgrave, & Read, 2006: 10). In addition, biological and environmental factors, nutrition and the standard of living contribute to health. Thus, health constitutes a function of welfare. It can be surmised that the issues that prove detrimental to health are in general the province of

Education, in particular equality in education Essay

Education, in particular equality in education - Essay Example In one of his Lectures on education, Emerson declared that the whole theory of schooling and education is on the mother’s knee (1). A child learns to skate, fish, make snowballs and hit a mark with a stone. This is education, the same way learning the secrets of science, history and literature is. What is important is to respect the student and impart knowledge that catches a student’s attention and brings out the genius in him. However, education today is governed by the steam instead of meeting the needs of each individual mind. According to Freire’s Educational Theory, it is important for the teachers to recognize that the students are thinking subjects rather than objects (90). Therefore, it is not possible for information to be transferred from a teacher to the learner and simply memorized. This transference of knowledge needs to be shaped through discussions and reflections and comprehended for it to be called education. He also believed that a teacher should try Humans are members of not only the society they live in, but also the world. Every human being is linked to another and it is crucial for human beings to understand each other rather than focusing on what benefits they can derive from one another, especially in times of globalization where the world has become an interdependent global village. This understanding can be gained through Liberal Education as derived by Martha Nussbaum. Nussbaum, in her article ‘Liberal Education & Global Community’ wrote that the system of higher education in many countries focuses on a single pre-professional subject whereas, the liberal arts universities will cultivate humanity within students and allow them to deal with other humans through human understanding rather than economic and political connections (2-3). According to Armstrong, Doctor Howard Gardner proposed the

Chevron Australia's Current Organisational Sustainability Protocol and Case Study

Chevron Australia's Current Organisational Sustainability Protocol and Business Expansion - Case Study Example In fact, the chevron Australia stands out as one of the largest development alliances in the land. This is with the coming up of the gorgon gas project in particular as the single resource project in the land. Chevron stands out to hold the highest expanse of natural gas of which meets the needs of Australia as a whole. Historically, the company has been successful to produce a capacity of oil at the barrow island for about forty five years now. This is alongside other participants in the market hence declaring its capacity as high. The company has been structured into various departments all of which work out in the success of increasing energy in the country. A look at some of the projects for which the company has come about includes the gorgon project that has been mentioned earlier. This project in particular has been cited as one of the highly rated ones in Australia. The endurance of the project is through the greenhouse gas efficiency that the company has brought in place. On board the company has brought in capacity machines that enable the injection of carbon dioxide that enables the occurrence of the gas to the project. This is one of the sustainability measures that the company has taken into place. ... As such this is one of other sustainability measures that the company reveres. The participation of the company in a long time towards the venture of the offshore liquefaction mechanism brings into place the production of natural gas dating since the year 2008. Again, chevron stands as a venture that is in collaboration with the development of gas production with the browse project. This venture is in itself a well calculated motive of the Australian company by the name wood side that enhances a great combination of oil. The prospective future of the company thus is high owing to the capacity of its machinery as well as the personnel in the company. The methods that the company uses into the tapping of innovation and inventions are method that shall enable the company to keep going despite all in the nation.3 As such, I believe that the company has got a sturdy foundation for which the expansion is imperative. In the first place the company stands out due to the profits that it gener ates through its provision of energy in the regime. This is one of the positive allures of the company for which it has got a competitive edge among the others. Again, the machinery that the company has acquired enables it to work through various other projects in the future and hence is self sustainable without having to outsource from other companies. The personnel of the company are also another positive appeal of expansion for which the possibility of expansion stands out.4 The personnel are well expertise in their various fields and hence understand the market properly hence giving it an edge. The factor that the company has got wings in other countries across the globe is another sustainability protocol that the organization has got.

Code of Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Code of Ethics - Assignment Example 4. Free competition The banking and finance industry believes that free and fair competition is the basis of the free market economic system and avoids collusive, anti-competitive discussions and/or agreements with competitors. 7. Conflict of interest: private business interests. Employees who are the bank or financial institution employees owe their devotion to their employer. They must avoid participating in any decision, by or on behalf of their bank, which may affect any private business in which they have an interest unless they have disclosed the nature and extent of that interest to a relevant superior in the bank or financial institution. 8. Conflicts of interest: citizenship duties. "Banking employees who discharge citizenship responsibility through membership of public or quasi-public decision-making bodies (school boards, town councils, etc.) should be alert to possible conflicts of interest and declare any such conflict" (Frederick 157). 9. Customer privacy and employer information. ... 8. Conflicts of interest: citizenship duties. "Banking employees who discharge citizenship responsibility through membership of public or quasi-public decision-making bodies (school boards, town councils, etc.) should be alert to possible conflicts of interest and declare any such conflict" (Frederick 157). 9. Customer privacy and employer information. Employees must respect their employer's obligation to protect the confidentiality of customers' affairs. Similar respect must be paid to the privacy of fellow employees. In addition, certain information about the bank's or financial institution's plans, methods, and activities is considered by the employer to be proprietary and confidential and members must not disclose such information without proper sanction. 10. Inside information about the employers' affairs or those of customers shall not be used by employees for their own gain, or for that of others. The bank requires a heist level of confidentiality. 11. Employees are obliged to report any illegal behavior and actions. 12. Employees are obliged to report any illegal behavior and actions. 13. Banking employees shall not use their employment status to seek personal gain from those doing business or seeking to do business with their employer, nor accept such gain if offered. 14. Social responsibility Employees who are managers should give full consideration not only to traditional financial factors but also likely economic and social effects of their decisions (Frederick 154-155).

CHILDREN'S HEALTH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CHILDREN'S HEALTH - Essay Example Generally, children who are uninsured face barriers to obtaining healthcare services.Un-insurance rates were the highest amongst children of ethnic minorities. The percentages of children uninsured were 6% for whites, 21% for Latinos, 15% for Native Americans, 7% for African Americans, and 4% for Asians or Pacific Islanders (Flores and Tomany-Korman, 2008a). There was a greater incidence of health problems with ethnic minorities comparedto the rest of the population including obesity, asthma, emotional difficulties, speech and behavioural problems, poor dental care, no dental or medical visit in the preceding 12 months and no access to prescription medications to name a few (Flores and Tomany-Korman, 2008a). It particular, children from certain ethnic groups had issues specific only to that group both in medical conditions and in gaining access to healthcare (Flores and Tomany-Korman, 2008a). In Latinos, there were problems with overall health and getting speciality treatment. In Afr ican Americans, hearing and vision problems, skin allergies along with dental issues and speech problems seemed prevalent and in Native Americans, hearing and vision problems were widespread.

The Influence of Capoeira on Hip Hop Dance Forms Research Paper

The Influence of Capoeira on Hip Hop Dance Forms - Research Paper Example This Afro-Brazilian form is called capoeira, a game of movement in which the intent is to mimic fighting moves to outdo an opponent. Capoeira is uniquely suited for the origins of Hip Hop and aspects of it can be found throughout the culture. According to Emmett George Price, hip-hop evolved in the 1970’s as a reactionary cultural movement based on concepts that evolved from the civil rights movements of the 1960’s (1). Price says that the movement is considered to have begun in the Bronx in New York where the neighborhood had developed into an impoverished, gang-based culture that thrived through violence and criminal behavior (9). The gangs provided a sort of â€Å"family’ for the displaced youths that suffered from inadequacies of all types from low-quality nutrition, poor educational opportunities, and a bleak future outlook. Under the leadership of Afrika Bambaataa who rose to lead a gang named the Black Spades, an alternative to violent conflict between the gangs arose to fill the needs of the adversarial youths. Hip-hop developed from a need to find respect and honor without entering into a battlefield of bloodshed. Hip-hop culture developed through a need to find a way to save a culture from its own violent destruction. As ‘crews’ developed rap and movements intended to outdo rival groups, the appeal began to spread and become commercialized. Where the origins of the music developed for private purposes, the commercial potential began to find its way into the music industry. With the release of Sugar Hill’s Gang’s work titled â€Å"Rapper’s Delight†, the revolution of the music industry began. As the music industry developed, so did the dance associated with the music and the culture worked its way into mainstream American entertainment (Fitzgerald 42). Hip-hop is urban and global, a representation from the poor inner-city youth that has expanded into a multi-million dollar financial benefit.

Organizational Behavior at My Company Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior at My Company Essay To understand how the concept of organizational behavior can be applied and described through the work environment of My Company, I will first explore a general definition of what Organizational Behavior is and then relate how the individual components apply. According to Stephen Robbins, author of our Organizational Behavior textbook, Organizational behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organizations effectiveness(9). The first component of this definition is to see the impact that the individuals have, followed by the impact of the groups, and then finally the impact of the structure. I will expand on each of these areas and relate them to the current practices within My Company. It is probable that the single most prevalent aspect of organizational behavior through the eyes of an employee would be the impact that they personally have on the company. What this implies, is that when I try to describe the impact individuals have to the company, it will be solely from my perspective as a non-managerial employee. Had my perspective been from that of an employee in a management-level position, it would most likely differ. From the experiences that I have had in the two and a half years that I have worked at My Company, it seems to me that individuals are encouraged to take the initiative to make their work as productive as possible. I have been part of many changes that have been initiated by non-management level employees to try and streamline and improve efficiencies within the company. This has led me to believe that one of the in-use espoused values is that of empowering all levels of employees with the ability to make changes that will directly affect their p articular areas. When evaluating the group component and how that relates to the My Company environment, I am going to make the assumption that a group is the equivalent of a department. These departmental segregations help to increase internal accountability and define what each group will be responsible for. Each group has its own independent structure and operates a little differently depending on the style of the individual manager. Many of these groups (departments) can be broken down into subgroups to further delegate  components of work. The outcome is that within each department or group there is a hierarchy where you will find different forms of leadership. Some of these subgroup leaders lead by being experts in their fields rather than having a title of being a manager. Within my group there is a distinct leader that I work for. I have found that if I am struggling with a project or if I cannot define the scope of a job that I am working on often times I can rely on help from the leader of my group to help achieve the desired results. If for some reason components (individuals) within my subgroup started to perform poorly, the outcome could have serious consequences to the productivity of our entire department. Conversely, if we were able to drastically improve performance metrics for our areas of responsibility, we would then be able to offset some work from other areas within the group. This interdependence of the subgroups has helped our group to have more control of the aspects that will impact how productively the company will continue to be going forward. Through the process of defining the groups within My Company, I have made reference to the internal group structure. Instead of rehashing this same information and tying it back to the structural component mentioned in the definition of organizational behavior, I am going to relate how my manager is able to structure her team to be as effective and productive as possible. Looking through the four essential management functions (Robbins 5) defined in our reading material, (planning, organizing, leading and controlling) I am able to see how my manager struggles to constantly apply these ideas in her day to day responsibilities. Our group organizes weekly meetings where we try to plan what tasks we would like to undertake in the near future. My manager is responsible for keeping these meetings in focus so that overall group objectives are met. Through controlling and delegating within these meetings, she has shown the ability to lead our group and utilize different strengths of individuals to maximize our effectiveness. Being able to take more of an observational role in this situation has helped me to understand the different idiosyncrasies that exist within our company and department. By identifying these quirks I feel that I am able to better understand how many of the different internal components and people must work together in order to achieve desired results. This has helped me to recognize, at least  at the group level, how one can utilize many of the resources to maximize efficiencies within My Company. Works Cited Robbins, Stephen. Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Pearson, 2001.

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee and Starbucks Essay Starbucks is a premium coffee wholesaler which has strayed from its original service of coffee. The advent of newer technology has diminished the Starbucks experience. Howard Schultz, Starbucks chairmen, sent a memo on February 14, 2007 addressing this problem to the president and chief executive officer of Starbucks, Jim Donald. In the memo, Schultz voiced his opinion on how the rapid expansion of Starbucks is causing him to revaluate the company’s values between how it operated when it began and where it is heading in the future. Starbucks isn’t the same neighborhood store as it was when it was established and no longer shows the passion for coffee that they had in the beginning. â€Å"I have said for 20 years that our success is not an entitlement and now its proving to be a reality. Lets be smarter about how we are spending our time, money and resources. Lets get back to the core† (Schultz). Along with its expansion, Starbucks has been trying to utilize new technologies to improve the product they sell to consumers. Starbucks changed their espresso machines from manual to automatic to speed up service and efficiency. These machines â€Å"blocked the visual sight line the customer previously had to watch the drink being made, and for the intimate experience with the barista† (Schultz). People no longer have that intimate connection with the people making their coffee, or to the finished product. The employees are also more disassociated from their work because of these new machines that speed up production. Starbucks also incorporated flavor-locked packaging to supply the demand for fresh roasted coffee. This is a great service to the customer because it keeps coffee grounds or beans fresher longer, yet the effectiveness of the flavor-locked bags contributed to the loss of aroma, â€Å"perhaps the most powerful non-verbal signal†, in Starbucks (Schultz). The romance of Starbucks is lost with these improvements and the unforgettable scent is lessened along with its heritage. Starbucks is still a coffee-loving company, and consumers are still receiving the coffee delicacies they want, but at what cost to tradition. https://sites. google. com/site/hollymadalyn/writing/Starbucks-Research-paper SYNOPSIS Starbucks Corporation, originally founded in 1971, but purchased by Howard Schultz in 1987, is the market leader in selling gourmet coffee (Starbucks, 2008). Starbucks main objective is to establish itself as the most respected and recognized coffee brand in the world (Fact Sheet, 2008). Starbucks has accomplished this objective and experienced much success through their competitive strategy of clustering several stores within the same community and through their distinctive competencies of roasting and selling the quality coffee while providing high quality customer service. The question is, can Starbucks continue their market share growth with rising competitors? Should they focus more on their international operations? Can they continually reinvent themselves to maintain their strong brand image in the long run? PROBLEMS. †¢ Overall economic downturn can affect Starbucks’ market share if management neglects to address competitors’ strategies with lower priced offerings as consumers are becoming more conservative in spending their discretionary income. †¢ Loss of identity and authenticity focused upon the foundational Starbucks experience, which, if unaddressed by management, can result in dissatisfied customers, loss of sales, and decreased market share. †¢ Considering the economy and increasing domestic competition within the U. S. , Starbucks must address their less profitable international operations. SWOT ANALYSIS[1] INDUSTRY EVALUATION In the past two decades, the coffee industry has experienced a significant increase in the demand for premium coffee. Today, about one in five Americans drinks some type of espresso-based coffee drink each day. The average yearly coffee consumption per capita in the U. S. is around 4. 4Kg. Among these coffee drinkers, the average consumption is 3. 1 cups of coffee per day, with men drinking approximately 1. 9 cups per day, and women drinking an average of 1. 4 cups per day (Coffee Research [continues].

The Concept Of Cultural Heritage

The Concept Of Cultural Heritage To understand cultural heritage and interpretation, it is essential to understand the various definitions and theories in relation to the concept of cultural heritage. The term cultural heritage refers to the things, places and practices that define who we are as individuals, as communities, as nations or civilizations and as a species (Wedenoja, 2010). In other words, it is the cultural legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, preserved in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations. It is a legacy which we often want to recognize and reserve because it strengthens our cultural identity of sense of who we are as people. However, what is considered cultural heritage by one generation may be rejected by the next generation, only to be revived by a succeeding generation. Cultural heritage is not limited to material manifestations. It also includes living expressions and the traditions that groups and communities around the world have inherited from their ancestors and transmitted to their descendants. Thus, cultural heritage can be grouped into broad categories: tangible and intangible. Tangible cultural heritage can refer to moveable objects and immoveable sites. These include archaeological sites, artifacts, buildings, historic sites, monuments, graves, and culturally significant landscapes like sacred places. Landscapes are considered heritage when they have natural features that may have cultural attributes including flora and fauna. Heritage sites like these often serve as an important component in a countrys tourist industry, attracting many visitors from abroad as well as locally. UNESCO  [1]  defines intangible cultural heritage as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the non-physical characteristics, practices, representations, expressions as well as knowledg e and skills that identify and define a group or civilization (UNESCO, 2010). These include language, oral histories, beliefs, practices, rituals, ceremonies, customs, traditions, music, dance, crafts, and other arts. Heritage that survives from the past is often unique and irreplaceable. This places the responsibility of preservation on the current generation. Safeguarding cultural heritage has become one of the priorities of international cooperation since 1972 when the General Conference of UNESCO adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage. There are 878 World Heritage Sites as of 2008. They are located in 145 countries and 678 cultural, 174 natural, and 26 mixed sites (UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 2010). The preservation of living heritage has only become significant in 2003 when UNESCO adopted the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. (This is the short version > still have a lot of detail to add because the term cultural heritage is very detailed and has meant different things in the past decades. Unless the professor thinks this is enough.) Cultural Heritage and the Challenges of Tourism In recent years, key heritage sites have seen a remarkable increase poorly guided or unguided tourists. Tremendous pressure has been forced upon areas like Angkor Wat, Luang Prabang or Halong Bay the growing number of visitors and the general growth in Tourism. International agencies such as the World Tourism Organization have predicted that tourism numbers will continue to rise over the next 10 years, predominantly so for the continent of Asia. Such growths in visitor numbers worsens existing problems at World Heritage sites which include vandalism, lack of awareness of cultural and heritage significance of sites, congestion and destination and cultural commodification. As global tourism increasingly interface with heritage sites, the pressures of meeting challenges will be more pronounced. In addition to the negative effects of unguided mass tourism at heritage sites, a rise in niche cultural tourism also prompts the need for the training of cultural heritage specialist guides for World Heritage sites. The development of such niche groups of culturally-sensitive and learning-seeking tourists is constituted within the broader developments of what has been termed by tourism academics as special interest tourism and the diversification of the tourism market. However, the development of niche cultural tourism is hampered by the widespread lack of cultural heritage specialist guides in Asia-Pacific. In the APETIT meeting in 2002, the training of professional guides was highlighted by UNESCAP and UNESCO as key to improvements in the tourism system and industry. What is Digitization? We use the term digitization to refer to the process of converting physical resources or information into a digital format (Digitization, 2007). In other words, digitizing means simply capturing an analog signal in digital form. Photos taken with a digital camera, or data collected by an electronic measuring device are automatically converted into digital form. However, text and images that are in a tangible form can be digitized with a scanner (Ibid). When scanning texts or images, an optical character recognition program, also known as OCR, analyzes a text image for light and dark areas in order to identify each alphabetic letter or numeric digit, and converts each character into an ASCII code (Ibid). Audio and videos can also be digitized by a process in which an analog signal is changed, without changing its essential content, into a digital signal (Ibid). The process of sampling measures the amplitude, or signal strength, of an analog waveform at evenly spaced time markers (Ibid ). It also signifies the samples as numerical values for input as digital data (Digitization, 2007). Objects and sites on the other hand require a more complicated process. A 3D scanner is utilized to analyze an object or environment. The 3D scanner creates a point of cloud of geometric samples on the surface of the object or site and these points can then be used to digitally reconstruct the object or site (3D Scanner, 2010). Digitized resources can be easily shared through digital devices, equipment, and networks. Despite its many advantages, digital resources still need special care and preservation as they can become obsolete. Therefore, everything must be digitized at the highest quality and migrated to the latest storage and formats. Digitization of an object using a 3D Scanner (Scribe It, n.d.) Why Should We Digitize Cultural Heritage? Cultural Heritage should be digitized for the following reasons: Preservation of Tangible Cultural Heritage Digitization can help preserve tangible cultural heritage including objects and buildings. All objects and the valuable information they contain will be available without jeopardizing their integrity by handling or by exposure to the elements. For instance, the Stonehenge in Great Britain is using technological interpretation to conserve the heritage site. Brian Bath states in his publication The Use of New Technology in the Interpretation of Historic Landscapes (2006) that a massive number of visitors wanted to see every angle of the Stonehenge and if the same number of visitors came to the site constantly it would à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦a threat exposed surface archaeology and to the protected lichens on the stone surfaces at ground level. Bath (2006) also added that it was hard interpreting the site without explaining the conservation process as well. People wanted to see everything but what they didnt understand was the effect they would have on the site. The solution for this matter was technology. Various forms of Medias like CDs with 3 models and web-based virtual museums were developed in response to assist tourists understand about the conservation and interpretation of the site. 3D/ Virtual Reconstruction of Stonehenge Broadened Access A lot of people cant travel to museums or actual sites whenever they want and even if they could, space constraints imposed on museums would only allow them to see a little percentage of available collections. Therefore, digitizing cultural heritage greatly increases public access. Furthermore, it also advances the work of scholars and researchers worldwide, and opens new opportunities to educators in every setting. Often, objects reside in multiple places even if they are related. Thus, digitizing entire collections allows museums to assimilate their resources, making it possible for scholars working externally to see at a glance their complexity and extent of holdings in a given area. Moreover, digitization also allows museums to share their resources more broadly by integrating collections that have been separated by location across many cultural heritage institutions and research centers. And lastly, digitized materials also help museums reach underserved audiences, as well as th ose not motivated to see museums as a source of information. For instance, twenty years ago, students had to travel to Washington, D.C. to research in the Library of Congress and it was an expensive matter. Now, high school students from around the world have instant access. In 2003, the Library of Congress reported that approximately 15 million people visited American Memory. That is more than the number of people who have worked in the librarys reading rooms over the past 200 years and 1,500 times the number who annually use the manuscript reading room (Cohen Rosenzweig, 2006). New Access Digitization allows access to historical resources that are inaccessible because of their fragility (Cohen Rosenzweig, 2006). As an example, the original 1791 plan for the city Washington is so deteriorated and brittle the Library of Congress does not allow researchers to examine it (Cohen Rosenzweig, 2006). But now anyone can view the digital copy on the librarys website. Not all Library of Congress documents are quite this fragile, but like many other sources, they cant be browsed easily in analog form. LEnfants Original City Plan of Washington 1791 LEnfants Revised City Plan of Washington 1792 Support Education Another benefit of digitizing cultural heritage is that it supports education. Digitization impacts learning in classrooms and everywhere learning takes place. Studies of cultural heritage can come alive with instant access to images, sound files and text extracts. People will be able to experience things not normally possible in a museum, e.g. exploring the inside of a space shuttle in 3D. Furthermore, educators working with cultural heritage can interact virtually with audiences and cultivate forums for exploring topics in more depth and from varying perspectives. Lifelong learners will be able to guide their own learning with help from museums digitized collections. Overall, digitization will give public access to a much greater percentage of museums immense resources, providing better tools with which to spark learning. Brian Bath (2006) stated that the Museum of London set-up a web-based virtual museum and 40 percent of the people who visited the site including students actually came to the museum. As you can see, some people who may have never had interest in going were appealed. Enhances Museums Competitiveness Digitization can enhance museums competitiveness by enhancing visitors experience. A study was carried out by the SITI Research Center of the Queen Margaret University College (Reino, S., Mitsche, N. Frew, A., 2007) in the UK by comparing live interpretation and traditional interpretation at 2 sites, which were Beamish and the Bowes. The result was that ICT improved competitiveness of heritage sites by enhancing learning, entertainment and visitors experience. Beamish which used technology for interpretation had an average of 4% better outcomes in each category. Ease of Access for Researchers In the past, researchers and scholars had to endure the thorough process of ordering up boxes of items in order to find what they were looking for. Sometimes researchers or scholars could not study the archival documents (e.g., glass plate and film negatives) without the prior conversions into readable or viewable media like prints. On the other hand digitization allows quick and easy browsing of large collections of material. Enrich Context Digitization will help enrich context of cultural heritage because everything relevant to an object including details, records, and other interpretative data can be shared. This will enable a richer interaction and enhance users understanding of an object or sites context and meaning. In addition, digitization will enable allows experts to compare artifacts and specimens against those of the digitized museum, substantially increasing information about these holdings at a greater rate remotely. Equally important, it allows people around the world to add additional impressions, associations, and stories to the permanent record. (Will add an example) Infinite Reach Digitization allows infinite reach. It helps people draw multi-media resources from science centers, programs, and museums. Drawn resources could be combined in a way that it could transport an audience back in time. An audience could potentially see how Thai people were living 300 years ago, or witness battles. On the other hand, digitization could also let people experience the present as scientists do. For instance, an audience could be accessing data from Bangkok and could be in the Arctic the next minute learning about ice. And last but not least, people could perhaps travel virtually through space, with a view so clear, making them feel as though they could touch the stars from their armchair. As aforementioned, with digital assets, people would truly have infinite reach. What is Heritage Interpretation? The Basic Principles of Heritage Interpretation The Evolution of Heritage Interpretation and New Media Museums and Their Functions What are Virtual Museums? Still missing but will be added: How can cultural heritage material be digitized? Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Digitizing audio video Cultural Heritage in Thailand Heritage Interpretation in Thailand Examples of Heritage Interpretation and New Media in Other Countries What is the possibility for Thailand? Is it worth it? Assesing Cost and Timelines. Problems with Digitizing Cultural Heritage (Has to be explained in more detail and more examples) Three major problems impede the use of digital technology from being a major tool in preserving cultural heritage. The first one is the enormous amount of financial resources needed for the scanning process, the second one is the quick obsolescence of hardware and software, and the third is the need for standardization of tools and interfaces. As a result, the work done in this area is mostly on a pilot basis, where researchers study the various aspects of certain subjects, build and experiment with modest projects, debate on standards and establish coordinating bodies. Forms of Digitization and Their Advantages and Disadvantages Virtual Museums 3d Technology The origins of heritage interpretation date back to the aftermath of the creation of the first natural parks at the end of the 19th century in the United States. However, it was not until 1957, with publication by Freeman Tildens Interpreting our Heritage that the foundation of the discipline were established. Although in the early days this interpretation was essentially

Background of Karl Marx :: Essays Papers

Background of Karl Marx Karl Marx may be regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of all time. His revolutionary ideas about the power of the working class gained him a large following in his own time. Europe had a very overpowering upper class, and a very poor, oppressed working class. Many working class people were willing and eager to listen to Marx’s message of the power that could come about if the working class were to unite as one and fight for a single cause. Marxism has greatly influenced the development of socialist thought and practice in government. Many scholars consider Karl Marx to be one of the great economic theorists, and a founder of an economic policy and sociology.1 Karl Marx was born in the city of Trier, in Rheinish Prussia, on May 5, 1818. His family was Jewish, but they later converted to become Protestants in 1824. Marx’s father was a lawyer, and his family was part of the upper class.2 The years 1830 and 1831 were revolutionary years, and in 1830 a revolution began in France. It swept all over Europe, and Russia and had a big influence on Marx’s life. His youth was marked by two big events, The Industrial Revolution in England, and the Great Revolution in France.3 In October of 1830 Marx went to Trier Gymnasium for high school. After graduation Marx entered into the university, first at Bonn, then transferred to Berlin, and later transferred to Jena. While in school he read law, majoring in history and philosophy. However, his interest in philosophy turned him away from law, and in 1841 he earned a doctorate at Jena, writing on the materialism and atheism of Greek atomists.4 In 1841 the Rheinische Zeitung was founded at Cologne, Germany. Marx used it to criticize the deliberations of the Rhine Province Assembly. His articles gained much attention at that time. In 1842 he became the editor. The following year, 1843, the government issued a decree declaring that the Rheinische Zeitung must stop publication, Marx resigned, and the paper ceased publication.5 In the summer of 1843 Marx married a childhood friend he had become engaged to while still a student. Her name was Jenny Von Westphalen. She was the daughter of Privy Councillor von Westphalen of the Prussian nobility. In September 1844 Marx moved to Paris, where he devoted himself primarily to studying political economy and the history of the French Revolution.

Langston Hughes Salvation Essay example -- Langston Hughes Religion E

Langston Hughes' Salvation In most people's lives, there comes a point in time where their perception changes abruptly; a single moment in their life when they come to a sudden realization. In Langston Hughes' 'Salvation', contrary to all expectations, a young Hughes is not saved by Jesus, but is saved from his own innocence. 'Salvation' is the story of a young boy who has an experience of revelation. While attending a church revival, he comes to the sudden realization that Jesus will not physically come save him. In the first three sentences of the essay, the speaker adopts a very childlike style. He makes use of simple words and keeps the sentences short, similar in style to that of an early aged teenager. But since the text is written in the past tense and the narrator mentions that he was 'going on thirteen' (181), we know the speaker is now older. After reading a little further, we find that the style becomes more complex, with a more select choice of words and longer sentences. The contrast between simple and complex styles is present all through the rest of the essay, and creates a more personal atmosphere. Another particularity of 'Salvation' is the fact that the story recounts Langston Hughes' own personal experiences as a young boy. This high degree of intimacy allows Hughes to supply the reader with some very concrete details and vivid descriptions. The beauty in Hughes? personal insights lies in their power to reach our senses. We can clearly picture th...

Rae, We Pray For You :: essays research papers

Rae, We Pray for you â€Å"Murder in the murderer is no such ruinous thought as poets and romancers will have it; it does not unsettle him, or fright him from his ordinary notice of trifles; it is an act quite easy to be contemplated.† Ralph Waldo Emerson Is Rae Carruth unsettled? Is he bothered? Is Carruth in the contemplative mood yet? I certainly hope he is. Rae Carruth has taken away a human life. He has violated that certain enjoyment that exists in life. It is what separates the human race, from all others. Logic and reason that we possess in such high quantities as human beings apparently are lacking in Carruth’s case. It seems to make little sense, especially in Carruth’s situation. He seemed to have everything going for him, having achieved his dream to become a professional athlete and supporting his parents and relatives on this newfound fame as he had always promised. Yet, something was happening to Rae Carruth. Obviously, he was not happy with his li fe at that point. Still, murder is not exactly a sensible action, not even as a last resort to most who have their wits about them. It seemed as though Carruth felt that he had no other choice. He seemed to take the classic, â€Å"I don’t like you, so I’ll beat you up,† mantra of the playgrounds to a much harsher end in this case. With Carruth you must question many things about him, his sanity, his maturity, his intelligence, and above all his reason. Obviously, he soon realized the magnitude of his act, as he fled as a fugitive until he was caught. Murder is not a crime of chance, you have to get the deed done and correctly, that is why Carruth hired a few thugs to do the job for him. Even if Carruth did not pull the trigger, it is very clear that he is still a murderer. His fate is the question to most. This will probably not be determined until Carruth goes to trial, probably in about a year. The prosecution will seek the death penalty for Carruth and rightf ully so. In our current society today, only the most horrific of criminals usually get the death penalty because we do not operate on an eye for eye basis. In the present criminal justice system rehabilitation seems to be the operative word. It is not that Carruth is beyond rehibilition, but that he does not deserve to live.

Philosophy of Art Essay

Introduction This paper attempts to establish what practitioners of philosophy can learn from practitioners of Art. In doing so, the paper first looks into art and philosophy so as to offer a clear understanding of the subjects, before turning into the main theme. What is Art?   Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the above question appears simple, it is interesting and can, and is answered by reverting to the philosophy of art. In addition, art embraces descriptions of beauty, taste, symbolism as well as representation. Philosophy of art also explores the association existing between the individual artist (ideas), and the bigger congregation (audiences, culture, and universe) (Carroll N, 1998). That being the case, what does philosophy of art tell us about art? Some versions assert that art is a creative activity, expression or process of humans. According to Leo Tolstoy ‘Art is that human activity which consists in one human consciously conveying to others, by certain external signs, the feelings he has experienced and in others being affected by those feelings and also experiencing them.’ (Carroll N, 1998). On the other hand, when something is done perfectly or acquainted by study and practice; it is referred to as an art (Carroll N, 1998). For instance, driving a car, dressing in a nice dress, laying a child to sleep or even the art of conversion. In essence, art includes objects developed by humans that have aesthetic value or present symbolic meaning encompassing drawings, paintings as well as sculpture. Thus from the above observations, art can be said to be a symbolic representation of peoples association with nature (reality/environments). It is able to offer the concealed relations between things. It is beauty, it is truth. However, what does truth and beauty imply? This is where philosophy comes in as philosophy is the art of establishing the truth such that this truth is applied to life. In the same manner, art can be based on established truth that express the wonder and beauty of a relationship to the universe as it is acknowledged in the works of Marcel Proust and Henry Mattisse (Diffey T, 1995). ‘Art is a selective recreation of reality according to an artist’s metaphysical value judgments. An artist recreates those aspects of reality which represent his fundamental view of man’s natures.’   Ã‚  (Marcell Proust)( Diffey T, 1995), while Henry Mattisse writes ‘when we speak of nature, it is wrong to forget that we are ourselves a part of nature. We ought to view ourselves with the same curiosity and openness with which we study a tree, the sky or a thought because we too are linked to the entire universe (Diffey T, 1995).’ The different forms of art are visual arts which involve aspects such as painting, photography and sculpture among others, and fine arts which embrace music, dance, theatre, literature, poetry, etc. What is philosophy? As William Thomas points out, ‘Philosophy studies the fundamental nature of existence of man and man’s relationship to existence†¦in the realm of cognition, the special sciences are the trees but philosophy is the soil which makes the forest possible’ (Bender J, 1993). A philosophy is an all inclusive organization of ideas concerning human nature as well as the nature of the truth we live in. it is a guide of living since the subjects it deals with are crucial and enveloping, establishing the course we take in life and how we treat other people. Among the most important field that philosopher’s deal with fall into a number of separate fields. Among them, the most imperatives ones are; metaphysics which deals with the theory of reality, epistemology that connotes the theory of knowledge, ethics which is theory of moral values, politics which is theory of legal rights and government and aesthetics which refers to theory of nature of art (Carroll N, 1998). The vehicle for philosophical guidance is religions such as Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism as well as Islam. Religions vary from philosophers not in the issues they deal with but in the ways they employ to address them. Religions are based on mythic stories that existed earlier before discovery of unequivocally cogent methods of inquiry (Bender J, 1993). The present day religion (majority of) appeal to mystical faith as well as revelation sort of belief that claim legitimacy independent of logic, and the scientific method, at least made for the biggest subjects. However, majority of religions are in their commencement pre-rational as opposed to anti-rational, a story teller’s account of philosophic issues as opposed to scientists (Bender J, 1993). Philosophy in Greek connotes ‘love of wisdom’. Philosophy is founded on rational arguments and appeal to facts (Bender J, 1993). Modern science history began with philosophical enquiries and the scientific method of research and proof is an aspect of the general approach that a philosopher attempts to bring to a question; one that is coherent and vigorous. Philosophy is known to offer deep and wide questions presently. Dealing with the issues in each branch of philosophy calls for integration of everything one knows concerning reality (metaphysics) or humanity (epistemology, ethics, politics and aesthetics) recommending reasonable inclination in philosophy therefore is not a simple job. Frankly, philosophers more often than not disagree about principle subject; some slipping their own positions in the mix as well (Diffey T, 1995). Thus, there is no particular philosophy world wide as is the case with physics, chemistry among other disciplines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having clearly distinguished the two disciplines, then we can embark on the issue of what a philosopher can learn from an artist. This calls us to explore the subfield of philosophy. It relates to nature of art, in addition to performing of arts as well as painting, sculpture and literature (Diffey T, 1995). Major concerns in aesthetic comprise of how artistic creations should be construed as well as assessed and how the arts are linked to one another, to natural beauty, morality, religious science as well as other crucial aspects of human life. The association between art and epistemology has been everlastingly tenuous and burdened with a lot of arguments (Diffey T, 1995). It is acknowledged that there is something meaningful from experiences as well as interactions with works of arts. However, it is not considered as obvious that whether or not the experiences one has with art can produce propositional understanding that is represented by true vindicated belief (Diffey T, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whereas engaging objects aesthetically is both insightness and emotionally burdening practice, it is also essentially cognitive. Therefore, it can be said that aesthetic engagement is based on various epistemological concerns (Carroll N, 1998). For instance, philosophers claim to know about art. People say that they believed the play was good or bad, but the emotions it produced were called for, justified, manipulative or suitable. In most cases, people allege that they learn from art, that art alters their view of the world and that art has influence on the way they view as well as make sense of the world (Carroll N, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It also widely acknowledged that works of arts particularly good works of art, can cause view points about the world and can in turn offer knowledge concerning the world (Carroll N, 1998). However, what can exactly be known about art? Does art have any sort of propositional content that resembles the context that philosophers claim to require for other sort of knowledge claim?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The subject of whether philosophers have something to learn from artists revolves back to the period of Plato. Plato warned about the perils of making a fuss of mimetic as well as narrative demonstrations of the world and human actions. A practitioner of philosophy by his engagement with art permits certain emotions or activities that are able to facilitate or produce knowledge. It should be acknowledged that some aspects of art work that are able to produce greater understanding of the surrounding world (Carroll N, 1998).   In this case, art becomes a source of insight as well as awareness, even though it cannot be put into propositional language.   It can help people (philosophy practitioners) see the world in a new or different way (Carroll N, 1998).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They are often those who view art as being incapable of offering knowledge primarily because it does not generate any truth; they argue that since art cannot offer facts or produce arguments then there is nothing to learn from it (Diffey T, 1995).   They further argue that art cannot be acknowledged as a source of knowledge as it is not productive of knowledge, construed in the convectional sense of vindictive true belief. They assert that art is devoid of propositional content capable of being learnt the conventional way, whereas it has influences that promote knowledge and that can promote or weaken the development of understanding. Thus the net effect is to reject art as a source of knowledge as it does not offer true beliefs and furthermore because it does not as well as cannot vindicate the views that it does express (Diffey T, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, those who are for and those against concur that art is a source of knowledge, the only way that it can probably satisfy such a function be it that knowledge neglected something crucial to art’s nature as well as value (Diffey T, 1995). Plato articulates that it is possible for an artist to make a representation of a thing without having advance knowledge of his presentation.   For instance, painters represent cobblers when the painters have no idea how to make shoes, and poets write about virtue such as beauty and courage without any clear knowledge of these attributes (Carroll N, 1998). To Plato, it is only philosophers and moreover, those who struggle to intuit (feel) the forms and employ abstract reasoning are able to have know-how of these virtues.   To him, the same things exist even for the literary arts in particular.   He asserts that the more one engages in emotions brought about by representations, the more likely one is to suffer the influences of an unstable soul and finally the growth of bad attitude (Carroll N, 1998). Aristotle seems to have agreed with Plato that art influences the development of one’s moral character.   These two philosophers believed that people learn from art, however, Plato argued that the gained knowledge was harmful while Aristotle argued that it was beneficial (Carroll N, 1998). Going back to the period of renaissance and beyond it should be noted that the works of art such as poetry and fiction engages the emotions of a philosopher in a healthy way rather as opposed to detrimental manner (Bender J, 1993).   Some philosophers point out that there are there crucial types of knowledge claims that can be made concerning arts which are distinguished by objects. The first is what philosophers claim to know or believe concerning the art object itself and anything unreal or fictional worlds might be linked to that object. The second aspect of knowledge claim about art relates to what is known or believed to be appropriate emotional reaction to the art work. It is crucial to note at this point that works of art are correct, understood through having a certain kind of emotional response to them (Bender J, 1993). The only problem encountered in this course is that it is not possible to establish the kind of response that is appropriate in relation to a particular work of art (Bender J, 1993). The last kind of knowledge claim that is available as far as art is concerned relates to the nature of information art can offer about the whole world (Bender J, 1993). It is important to note that art affords imperative insight into the way philosophers order and understand the world. Art gives a certain degree of meaning to the lives of philosophers. Art, particularly literature, draws out novel views (beliefs) as well as new knowledge concerning the world (Bender J, 1993). Conclusion From the above, it is noteworthy that philosophy practitioners have a lot to learn from practitioners of art. It is important to acknowledge what constitutes knowledge so as to be able to understand how art impacts the subject. Reference Bender, John (1993).   â€Å"Art as a Source of Knowledge: Linking Analytic Aesthetics and Epistemology.† In Contemporary Philosophy of Art, ed. John Bender and Gene Blocker. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Carroll, Noel (1998). â€Å"Art, Narrative, and Moral Understanding.† In Aesthetics and Ethics: Essays at the Intersection, ed. Jerrold Levinson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Diffey, T .J (1995): â€Å"What Can We Learn From Art?† Australasian Journal of Philosophy 73 202-11.

Technical Writing Pdf Essay

1. Overview The traditional style of piece of typography political relation catalogues has non worked well. Too often, complicated and jargon-filled schedules confound resulted in frustration, lawsuits, and a lack of trust between citizens and their presidency. To overcome this legacy, we scram a massive responsibility to communicate inenunciateigibly. Studies verbalize that distinctly scripted regulations improve compliance and return litigation. Writing that consumes our contri exceptors considers improves the consanguinity between the government and the familiar it serves. Clear writing push d witnesss the institutionalise on the public.It withal reduces our burden be do we come int dumbfound to mass with the consequences of un decease communication. How en buildle we be erupt create verb in bothyrs? We believe that the around(prenominal) pregnant goals be these shorten for your commentator Write intelligibly Write in a visu any(prenomina l)y charitable stylus The next m some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) pages summarize some of the exceed techniques to remark through these three goals. Following the summary, youll bring tiny suggestions for paying these techniques to your writing. Write for Your Reader Writing for your demoers sends a message that you guard considered who they atomic bod 18 and what they collect to deem sex.When you communicate a concern for your contributors of necessity, they atomic number 18 to a greater extent than than than(prenominal) app arnt to be open(a) to your message. When your chronicle is plainly written, your tapeers argon much likely to on a lower floorstand what you exigency and back a centering appropriate legal achieve Focus on key in organizeattingion Believe that you argon concerned with their necessitate Identify your sense of hearing Identify your audience early and echo almost why the subscriber aims to read the instrument. Identify people who pull up s engrosss be interested, stock-still if they argon not ingestly affected. Write to both un advertable who is interested, not vindicatory to technical or beliefive experts. come ab show up in mind the average lectors level of technical expertise. swot to chance on your subscribers un suggestcelably People read muniments to take up answers. They indispensableness to know how to do something or what happens if they feignt do something. Organize your put d aver to respond to these concerns. Frequently this authority describing events as they occuryou fill out an activity to choose a benefit, you subscribe the exercise, the means reviews the occupation, the delegation energizes a decision on the act. Think finished the questions your indorsers be likely to study and consequently organize them in that order. For regulations, you posterior organize them into a coun gravel outwide table of table of contents that snuff it be an out teleph unmatched circuit of the document. substance ab substance ab wasting disease a question-and-answer format As much as feasible, bring out slit head teachers as questions. Try to wait the questions your readers would ask. Answer for distributively wizard question immediately. utilize the question-and-answer format dish outs readers to s can buoy the document and observe the education they prerequisite. It also increases the chances that they ordain overtake a question that they didnt puzzle, but unavoidableness to know the answer to. This format is enormously reformative to readers. expend you and anformer(a)(prenominal) pronouns to speak directly to readers You reinforces the message that the document is reckoned for your reader in a way that he, she, or they cannot. to a greater extent than than either new(prenominal) single technique, development you pulls readers into your document and brightens it relevant to them. role we to elevat e to your self-assurance get outs your fates shorter and your document more accessible readers. intent the active articulation active voice marks it turn over who is sup go on a lower floord to do what. It eliminates ambiguity about responsibilities. not It moldiness be siree. still, You or somebody else moldiness do it. utilise inactive voice, which obscures who is accountable for what, is oneness of the biggest problems with government documents. social function the appropriate tone In regulations, tone is not really an field of study.But the tone of other documents, much(prenominal) as letters, affects how well the reader takes in your message. A cold tone can ca employ the reader to tune out the message. In some cases, it ca delectations him to put mess your document rather than attempting to read it at all. take up the tone based on who your reader is and what his or her circumstances are. Write all the way For years, most of us have communicate our documents main(prenominal)ly to technical experts and lawyers, rather than to the some(prenominal) other readers we want to influence. A jargon-laden, legalistic style does not clear get under ones skin great breeding.You can reduce astonishment or misinterpretation for all readers without sacrificing the technical legality of your writing. How can you issue more intelligibly? Government documents such(prenominal) as regulations fall in additional challenges beca phthisis of the highly technical info they often contain. At the corresponding date, you have multiple audiences, some highly acquaintanceable, some little so. In fact, localise- aggroup results show that even technical experts do not of all time register technical language substantially or quickly. The undermentioned techniques forget facilitate go steady that you keep your language clear, so that your partrs can charge on technical information. habit short condemns Express except one idea in separately sentence. Long, complicated sentences often mean that you arent clear about what you want to learn. short-circuiter sentences show clear recollecting. Shorter sentences are also hold out away for conveying complex information they break the information up into smaller, easier-to- edge units. Vary your sentence structure to avoid choppiness, but dont revert to tangled multi-clause sentences. Write to one mortal, not to a group procedure singular nouns, pronouns, and verbs to direct your writing to one respective(prenominal) reader.This vetos confusion about whether a requirement applies to readers acting separately or in groups. commit the simplest distort you can Using simple confront filter avoids the clutter of compound verbs and clearly conveys what is standard practice. Use must to convey requirements Use must for stipulation, may for permission, and should for preference. Use must not to convey prohibitions. repeal the ambiguous shall. When was th e last time you comprehend shall in everyday conversation? ordinate actors line railroad care totaly T amaze are several ways you can reduce ambiguity Keep openeds and objects close to their verbs. puke conditionals such as scarce or always and other modifiers next to the scripts they modify. Write you are undeniable to hand over only the next, not you are only required to put forward the following. put in enormous conditions later on the main clause. Write have it off form 9-123 if you own more than 50 acres and lop grapes, not if you own more than 50 acres and cultivate grapes, complete form 9-123. Use if-then tables If existent is particularly complex and some(prenominal) conditional situations are involved, put it in an if-then table. keep down intelligence services and constructions that cause confusion.Common sources of confusion admit Un setd or overused abbreviations and acronyms twain unlike basis used for the same thing (car, vehicle, auto, c onveyancechoose one) fully grown an obscure technical or legal meaning to a word normally understood to mean something different (defining car to include trucks) Legal, technical, and fashionable, but conf use, jargon string of nouns forming complex constructions (surface water quality egis procedures) Pronouns that dont clearly refer to specific nouns Stilted, wordy language Use contractions when appropriate.Contractions can speed education, improve accuracy, and sometimes soften the tone of your documents. Write in a visually Appealing movement We want our documents to help readers get information, espouse with requirements, and apply for benefits with the minimum possible burden. Visually ingatheringing documents are far easier to learn than more traditional styles. Traditional government documents are often dense and conf apply. supplant blocks of text with headings, tables, and more white seat. You provide help your reader by qualification the main points readi ly apparent and sort out busheld items together.Use a clear and uncrowded surrenderation and your readers will be more likely to visualise what you want to convey. In turn, your readers will be more likely to do what you want them to do in their dealings with your agency. How can you take a shit your documents visually attracting? With visual layout, you cook your readers attention to information they fatality to know. notwithstanding though various government requirements, such as the rule of national Regulations (CFR) format, bound government writers in a number of ways, you can still take of import shades to make your documents visually magical spelling to the reader. Use lots of informative headings. objectives come out your readers attention to important information. They help readers pick up their way through a document and locate important points. Pack each heading with lots of information. How often have you seen several different pricks entitle performan ces or costs in one set of documents? Applications for what? Appeals of what? If you govern Applications for underground mining permits on public land the reader knows exactly what youre lecture about, and knows the difference between that section and another section authorise Applications for a temporary use permit to enrapture cattle crosswise public land.On the other hand, headings should not be so long that they overwhelm the literal in the section itself. Write short sections Short sections break up the material into substantially understood segments and allow you to introduce a little white space. Short sections hear easier to read and attend. Long sections can come forth difficult and forbidding, even before someone tries to read them. Include only one issue in each paragraph Limiting each paragraph to one issue gives the document a tonic appearance and contributes to the impression that it is easy to read and understand.By affording only one issue in each paragr aph, you can use informative headings that reflect the entire issue cover by the paragraph. Use upended lists Vertical lists highlight a serial of requirements or other information in a visually clear way. Use vertical lists to help your reader focus on important material. Vertical lists sidle up levels of importance Help the reader understand the order in which things happen demonstrate it easy for the reader to put all necessary tints in a process Add blank space for easy reading Use time-tested emphasis techniques to highlight important points. stress techniques are useful to draw the readers attention to a line or two. You should use techniques like gossamer and italics that have been tested on readers they draw the readers attention to the athletic field and are easy to read. You shouldnt use ALL CAPS theyre much harder to read. 2. Techniques for soften Writing This section provides examples of how to use the techniques listed in the overview. The examples are draw n from different agencies across the Federal government. Because we master keyly wrote this guidance for regulations writers, most of the examples are from regulations.You wont find any of these exact examples in the Code of Federal Regulations. Weve altered them to provide what we echo are crack examples of the techniques we recommend. Identify and write for your audience Identify who is affected by a document and write to get their attention and answer their questions. You have to twat your readers attention if you want to get your ideas across. permits face it, readers on the nose want to know what applies to them. The best way to impound and hold their attention is to figure out who they are and what they want to know. Put yourself in their shoes. It will give you a clean perspective.Tell your readers why the material is important to them. Say, If you want a look into afford, heres what you have to do. Or, If you want to tap federal coal, heres what you should know. Or, If you are planning a trip to Rwanda, read this number 1. Identifying your audience should do more than and cause you to make sure the terms you use are clear. It should help you focus on the readers engages. You should do this by thinking about what your reader knows about the situation now. Then think about how to guide them from their current knowledge to what you need them to know. To help you do this, try answering the following questions Who is the reader? Is thither a secondary reader we need to give information? What does the reader(s) already know about the subject? What questions will the reader(s) have? Whats the best solvent for my agency? What do I need to say to get this outcome? Whats the best outcome for the reader? What do I need to say to get this outcome? trace your readers from head A to Point B in as at once a line as possible. foreclose the questions readers have about what to read next. some times a document has more than one audience. You may be talking to exporters and importers, or coal miners and surface owners, or airlines and passengers.NEPA documents typically speak to two stakeholders and agency decision makers. get wind your documents down into essential elements and determine which elements apply to each part of your audience. Then group the elements agree to who is affected. If you are writing about research appoints, first tell the professor what he or she must do then tell the university accounting department what it must do. Identify clearly whom you are harangue to in each section. Dont make a reader go through material only to find out at the end that the section doesnt apply. succumb practical actions must provide the following information (a) When you apply for a yield, you must send us (a) forward experience in the area cover by the dole out (1) A exposition of your experience in the area covered by (b) Publications relevant to the area of the grant the grant and (c) Other grants he ld at the time of covering (d) Name and get across of the headway pecuniary superpowerr (2) Copies of any material that you have published relevant (e) disposition of in- openhearted match being provided to the area of the grant. (f) authorize strike rate and (g) Total proposed budget.(b) Your fiscal topographic point must send us (1) The name and address of the chief financial officer (2) A description of the in-kind match you will provide (3) Your ratified overhead rate and (4) A proposed budget. Organize to meet your readers needs Well-organized, detailed tables of contents make it easy for the reader to identify all elements in a document. Part of do your readers better is organizing your document so that they can understand how a program plant life and where to find instructions for each step they need to complete.Your table of contents should be a reliable road occasion that readers can follow to get through a process painlessly. The tab le of contents below is organized in a synthetic sequence for a arbitrary grant program. The brass section follows the order in which events occur and in which the public faculty ask questions about the program. Part 791 Javits adroit and Talented Students Subpart A How the throw plan Works Sec. 791. 1What is the Javits Gifted and Talented Students grooming Program? 791. 2Am I in line for a Javits appoint? 791. 3What activities are appropriate for Javits Grant funding? 791.4What funding priorities may the secretaire establish? 791. 5What other regulations apply to the Javits Grant? 791. 6What definitions apply to the Javits Grant? Subpart B How to present for an give 791. 10Where do I write to obtain a Javits Grant application? 791. 11What materials do I need to demo to be considered for a Javits Grant? 791. 12Where do I send my application? 791. 13When is my application due? Subpart C How the depositary Makes an Award 791. 20How will the Secretary evaluate my applica tion for a Javits Grant? 791. 21What selection criteria does the Secretary use to award Javits Grants?791. 22Does the Secretary consider additional factors? Subpart D Grantees Rights and Responsibilities 791. 30 Under what conditions may I use my Javits Grant award? 791. 31What are my responsibilities for serving students and teachers in private schools? The same organization plant life well for almost any showcase of regulation. Heres an example of an administrative regulation Part 725CLAIMS FOR BENEFITS UNDER THE national MINE SAFETY AND HEALTH fleck General 725. 1What does this program cover? 725. 2What special terms do I need to know to understand this part? Who is Covered.725. 201Who is empower to benefits under this program? 725. 202How long can my benefits last? 725. 203Are my babelikes authorize to benefits? 725. 204How long will their benefits last? 725. 205Am I still eligible if I am convicted of a felony? How to prevail for Benefits 725. 301How do I level a enga ge? 725. 302 feces other people give evidence on my behalf? 725. 303Are on that point any time limits for filing my claim? 725. 304Can I modify or withdraw my claim? How to Appeal Agency Decisions 725. 401Can I appeal a decision if I dont agree with it? 725. 402How do I blame an appeal?725. 403How long do I have to file an appeal? 725. 404What types of evidence must I acquire? 725. 405What happens if I wont get a medical examination? Use useful headings 3 There are three types of headings Question Heading A heading in the form of a question Why Do We Use Headings? tilt Heading A heading that uses a noun and a verb Headings Help Guide a Reader emergence Heading A heading that is a word or short phrase right-hand Headings Question Headings are the most useful. They ask the questions that readers are asking and guide them to the answers. provincement Headings are the next best cream because they are still very specific. Topic Headings are the most formal so many times managem ent is more comfortable with them. But sometimes theyre so vague that they just arent that helpful. Its best to stay with just one type of heading. The question-and-answer format is the most in effect(p) way to communicate with your reader. The reader comes to your document with questions that he or she needs answered. Its much more efficient to anticipate the readers questions and pose them as he or she would.By doing this, you make it easier for the reader to find information. 254. 11 Indian Rights. 254. 11 How do the procedures in this part affect Indian rights? 254. 12 Applications. 254. 13 Multi-tribal grants. 254. 12 How do I apply for a grant under this part? 254. 14 Administrative requirements. 254. 15 Appeals 254. 13. When must I submit my application? 254. 14 Can a multi-tribal organization submit a single grant request? 254. 15 What special information do I need for an application by a multi-tribal organization? 254.16 Must each tribe in a multi-tribal organization submit affirmation forms and budgets? 254. 17 If I receive a grant under this part, what requirements must I follow? 254. 18 What reports must I submit after receiving a grant? 254. 19 How can I appeal administrative actions under this part? The original version had short headings that were not helpful to the reader. In the tonic version, weve identified with the reader and written additional questions that became separate sections. Use pronouns to represent the reader and to refer to your agency.By using you, you address your reader in person and add immediacy to your document. When you address the reader as you, the reader feels that you are addressing him or her directly. Remember that even though your document may affect a potassium or a million people, you are speaking to the one person who is reading it. When your writing reflects this, it is more economical and has a greater impact on the reader. By using you to answer the readers questions, you polish off whom you are addressing. Copies of taxation returns must be provided. You must provide copies of your tax returns. Writing for an individual reader forces you to snap carefully what you want the reader to do. By writing to an individual, you will find it easier to Put information in a logical order Answer questions and provide the information that your reader wants to know Assign responsibilities and requirements clearly Be sure to define you clearly. Facilities in regional and regularize offices are obtainable to If you are a member of the public, you can get copies of our the public during normal logical argument hours for requesting records at any regional district office doctor you by any of the following methods ground in the generator of the document who the audience isThis regulation tells you, a contribute applicant, how to secure a loan. Define you in the Definitions sectionYou means a loan applicant. Where you addre ss different readers in different parts of the document, define you in each context How do different types of borrowers apply for a loan? If you are a small business, you must submit . . . If you are an individual, you must submit . . . Its curiously important to define you where there are multiple audiences.Lessees and actors are responsible for restoring the site. Lessees and operators are responsible for restoring the site. You must see that If you are the operator, you must conduct all operations in a way If you are the lessee, you must monitor the operator to witness that You may want to use I to refer to the reader. Since the question-and-answer format assumes that the reader is the one asking the questions, you should use I in questions to refer to the reader. Dont use I in responses. In responses your agency (represented by we) addresses the reader.By using I to ask questions in headings, you are anticipating questions the reader may have. Submission of applicati ons. How do I apply for a loan? By using we to respond to questions, you nation clearly what your agency requires and what your agencys responsibilities are. You also avoid the passive and use fewer haggling. Since you will never be asking the questions (only the reader does that), you should not use we in section headings. You can define we in the definitions sections of your document if that will help the reader.Loan applications will be reviewed to ensure that procedures We review your loan application to ensure that you have have been followed. followed our procedures. The Office of Consumer affairs will process your application Well process your application within 30 geezerhood of receiving it. within 30 days after receipt. Use active voice Active voice is the best way to identify who is responsible for what action. In an active sentence, the person or agency taking an action is the subject of the sentence. In a passive sentence, the person or item that is acted upon i s the subject of the sentence.Passive sentences often do not identify who is performing the action. The lake was polluted by the company. The company polluted the lake. New regulations were proposed. We proposed new regulations. The following information must be included in the You must include the following information in your application for it be considered complete. complete application. Bonds will be withheld in cases of non-compliance with allWe will refuse your bond if you dont honor with all permits and conditions. permit terms and conditions. More than any other writing technique, using active voice and specifying who is taking an action will change the character of our writing. How do you identify passive sentences? Passive sentences have two basic features, although both do not appear in every passive sentence. A then(prenominal) participial (generally with ed on the end) and A form of the verb to be. Regulations have been proposed by the Department of We have proposed regulations. Veterans Affairs. The permit will be extold by the agencys State office. Our State office must clear your permit. In a very few instances, passive voice may be appropriate.For example, when one action follows another as a matter of law, and there is no actor (besides the law itself) for the second action, a passive sentence may be the best method of expression. If you do not pay the royal house on your mineral work, you countenance will be change by the action of the law. Write Clearly Break your material into short sentences The best way to tell your reader what you want is a short, straightforward sentence. Complex sentences loaded with dependent clauses and exceptions confuse the reader by losing the main point in a timberland of talking to.Resist the temptation to put everything in one sentence break up your idea into its various parts and make each one the subject of its own sentence. For good reasons, the Secretary may grant university offs tages of We may extend the time you have to file the lease and time in 30-day increments for filing of the lease and all required bonds. Each wing will be for a 30-day required bonds, provided that additional extension period. To get an extension, you must write to us giving requests are submitted and approved before the expiration the reasons that you need more time.We must receive your of the original 30 days or the previously granted extension request in time to approve it before your extension. current deadline or extension expires. Complexity is the greatest enemy of clear communication. You may need to be especially inventive to translate complicated comestible into more manageable language. In the following example, we have made an if clause into a separate sentence. By beginning the first sentence with suppose that and the second sentence with in this case, we have preserved the relationship between the two.If you take less than your entitled share of production Supp ose that one month you pay royalties on your full for any month, but you pay royalties on the full volume ofshare of production but take less than your entitled your entitled share in accord with the provisions of share. In this case, you may remnant your account in one this section, you will owe no additional royalty for that of the following ways without having to pay more royalty. lease for prior periods when you later take more than yourYou may either entitled share to balance your account.This also applies when the other participants pay you funds to balance your (a) civilise more than your entitled share in the future or account. (b) Accept money from other participants. Address One Person, Not a Group Singular nouns and verbs prevent confusion about whether a requirement applies to individual readers or to groups. In the following example, the reader doesnt know whether each applicant must file applications at several offices, or whether applicants who are mem bers of a group must file individual requests.Individuals and organizations wishing to apply must file You must apply at least(prenominal) 30 days before you need the applications with the appropriate offices in a by the way certification. manner. (a) If you are an individual, apply at the State office in the State where you reside. (b) If you are an organization, apply at the State office in the State where your headquarters is located. In addressing a single person, you can avoid awkwardness by using you to address the reader directly, rather than using his or her or he or she. The applicant must provide his or her get off address and You must provide your placard address and recognition his or her identification number. number. Your reader probably will need only a single permit, application, or license. Thus, writing in the singular means that it will apply to the reader as written, eliminating the need to translate. Use present tense whenever possible A do cument written in the present tense is more immediate and less complicated. Using the present tense makes your document more direct and forceful.The more you use conditional or future tense, the harder your reader has to work to understand your meaning. Writing entirely in the present tense saves your reader work and helps you to make your point clearly. These sections describe types of information that would These sections tell you how to meet the requirements of satisfy the application requirements of street arab A-110 as Circular A-110 for this grant program. it would apply to this grant program. Even if you are concealment an event that occurred in the past, you can clarify the material for your reader by writing as much as possible in the present tense.Applicants who were Federal employees at the time that theYou may not be covered under this part if defect was sustained should have filed a compensation request at that time. Failure to do so could have an (a) You wer e a Federal employee at the time of the injury effect on the degree to which the applicant can be coveredand under this part. (b) You did not file a report with us at that time. You help your reader understand and relate to your document if you eliminate the need for him or her to translate the text from the past or conditional tense into the present.Remember, the less work your reader has to do to understand, the better he or she can follow your instructions. Occasionally, of course, you may need to use other tenses. For example, NEPA documents frequently refer to what may happen in the future if veritable events occur. But use tenses other than the present only when necessary for accuracy. Use must to orient requirements The word must is the clearest way to convey to your readers that they have to do something. Shall is one of those officious and obsolete run-in thathas bound legal style writing for many years. The message that shall sends to the reader is, this is deadly material. Shall is also obsolete when was the last time you perceive it used in everyday quarrel? Besides being outdated, shall is imprecise. It can indicate either an obligation or a prediction. Dropping shall is a major step in making your document more reader friendly. Dont be intimidated by the argument that using must will lead to a lawsuit. Many agencies already use the word must to convey obligations with no unseemly legal effects.You can avoid shall by substituting must to indicate an obligation or will to indicate that an action will occur in the future. Be careful to consider which meaning you intend to communicate to your readers. branch 5511. 1 acquit Use of Timber on petroleum and Gas Leases Section 5511. 1 Can I use the timber on my anele or shooter lease for elicit? (a) Any oil or gas lessee who wishes to use timber for fuel in drilling operations shall file an application You must file an application to use the timber on your oil therefor with the offic er who issued the lease. or gas lease for fuel.File the application with our office where you got your lease. (b) The applicant shall be notified by registered ring mail in all cases where the permit utilize for is not granted, andSection 5511. 12 willing you notify me if you egest my shall be assumption 30 days within which to appeal such application? decision. Our agency will notify you by registered mail if we reject (c) Where the land is occupied by a settler, the your application. You must file an appeal of that applicant shall serve respect on the settler by registered decision within 30 days. mail showing the amount and kind of timber he has applied for. Section 5511. 13 Must I notify anyone that I have applied for use of the timber? You must notify any settler, by registered mail, that you have applied to use timber from your lease. Include in your notice (a) The amount of timber you applied for and (b) The kind of timber you applied f or. Place words carefully Avoid ambiguous word that can mislead your reader. How you place words in relation to each other can greatly affect your document.Using short sentences will often make this problem disappear. In the example below, its difficult for the reader of the provision on the left to figure out which words relate to the quality products, which relate to the tribe, and which relate to the payments. Upon the request of an Indian tribe, the Secretary may If you ask us, we will require purchasers of your forest provide that the purchaser of the forest products of suchproducts to deposit their payment into an account that you tribe, which are harvested under a timber change contract, designate. permit, o.